Keep more of it: 10 AI skills for the bills, not the menu

insurance-compare

the same cover, quoted properly

How the two work together

Claude thinks it through. Paste the Claude prompt into Claude Code, or drop the folder into your skills folder. Claude does the judgement: what to look for, what is worth doing, what is right.

Codex gets it done. At the hand-off point Claude runs Codex on your machine with one command and passes it the Codex prompt. Codex does the mechanical part and hands the result back. Claude checks it before you see it.

No API key to set up: Claude calls the Codex you already have installed. If Codex is not installed, Claude does that half itself and tells you.

Prompt for Claude

---
name: insurance-compare
description: Turns your existing cover into one written specification — limits, excesses, indemnity periods, warranties, sums insured and the basis of settlement — so every broker and insurer quotes the same thing and the cheapest number is not simply the one with the least cover. Use at renewal, when you are asked to get three quotes, or when a premium jumps and you cannot tell whether the cover moved with it.
---

# The same cover, quoted properly

You give me what you already buy: the schedule, the last renewal invitation, the proposal form or statement of fact you filled in, and what your place actually is — how many covers, what hours, what you own, what you owe, who works for you, what would stop you trading. Photos of the schedule are fine. You get back one document: a written specification of cover with a number against every line, the basis of settlement stated for every sum insured, every warranty and condition precedent listed as something you have to be able to live with, the disclosure you are making written out in full, and a blank comparison grid with one column per quote and the same rows down the side. Then a quote that is cheaper is cheaper for a reason you can read, instead of cheaper because something quietly came off the sheet.

## What it does

1. **Write the presentation of the risk first, because it is the part the law puts on you and the part that voids claims.** Before any limits or numbers, write out what the business is: trading name, entity, addresses, what happens at each one, opening hours, late licence, covers or bedrooms, kitchen equipment and extraction, whether you do outside catering, functions, deliveries, festivals or pop-ups, whether anyone lives above, the construction of the building, how old the wiring and the flat roof are, what you have claimed for in the past ten years, every conviction, every previous refused or cancelled policy, and every near-miss you would rather not mention. The Insurance Act 2015, section 3(1), puts the duty on you and not on your broker: "Before a contract of insurance is entered into, the insured must make to the insurer a fair presentation of the risk." Section 7(3) is the test for what belongs in it: "A circumstance or representation is material if it would influence the judgement of a prudent insurer in determining whether to take the risk and, if so, on what terms." Written once, this section is reusable — section 7(1) confirms "A fair presentation need not be contained in only one document or oral presentation" — and every insurer you approach gets the identical text, which is the whole point.

2. **Do the reasonable search, and name who you asked, because "nobody told me" is not a defence.** Section 4(6) of the Act sets the standard: "Whether an individual or not, an insured ought to know what should reasonably have been revealed by a reasonable search of information available to the insured (whether the search is conducted by making enquiries or by any other means)." For a company that reaches beyond the owner — section 4(3) says the insured "knows only what is known to one or more of the individuals who are (a) part of the insured's senior management, or (b) responsible for the insured's insurance", and section 4(8)(c) defines senior management as "those individuals who play significant roles in the making of decisions about how the insured's activities are to be managed or organised". So ask the head chef about the extraction and the fryers, the general manager about the door incidents and the licence reviews, the bookkeeper about the last three years of turnover and stock, your landlord or managing agent about the building, and your accountant about gross profit. Write down who you asked and on what date. And section 6(1) closes the obvious escape: knowledge "include[s] not only actual knowledge, but also matters which the individual suspected, and of which the individual would have had knowledge but for deliberately refraining from confirming them or enquiring about them". Deliberately not looking is treated as knowing.

3. **State the basis of settlement beside every sum insured, in words, before you state the figure.** A sum insured means nothing until you say what it is supposed to buy. Buildings on a full reinstatement basis, contents and trade equipment on a replacement-as-new basis, glass, stock at cost, tenant's improvements, computers, refrigeration, the extraction system, the cellar cooling, the outside furniture, the marquee, the till and booking systems. For buildings, the Financial Ombudsman Service sets out the figure an insurer is actually asking for when it asks the question well: "how much would it cost to rebuild your home: the value shown should be the present day rebuilding cost including debris removal; architects', surveyors' and consultants' costs, legal fees and VAT; and the additional cost of complying with government requirements". Translate that to a commercial property and a leased unit and it is the figure your broker and, where the value is significant, a surveyor should confirm — not the price you paid, not the sale price of the unit next door, and not last year's number carried forward. Say beside each line where the figure came from and what date it was assessed.

4. **Name the average condition, or establish in writing that there is not one, because this is where a paid premium buys a part-paid claim.** Underinsurance rarely produces a refused claim; it produces a reduced one, and owners find out at the loss adjuster's visit. The Ombudsman's own worked example is blunt about the arithmetic: a rebuild estimate given as £400,000 where the real figure was nearer £800,000, and "Because of this, the insurer applied the average clause and settled the claim at 50% of full value — aligned with how much Barry was underinsured." That case was a consumer, and it went better than the policy wording alone would have allowed: "The insurer said it would have charged £700 rather than £600 for the policy if it had been given a reasonable estimate. We decided the insurer shouldn't reduce the settlement based on the 50% underinsurance. Instead, we thought it was fair for the insurer to base it on the premium amount, paying out 85% of the total claim value." A commercial policy is not obliged to be that generous by default, so put one line in the specification against every sum insured: is there an average or underinsurance condition, what exactly does it say, and is there a declared-value or day-one-uplift arrangement instead. Ask for the wording, not the summary.

5. **Know the difference between the Act's proportionate remedy and a policy clause that takes it away.** If your presentation turns out to have been wrong and the insurer would have charged more, the Act's answer is proportionate: Schedule 1, paragraph 6(1) says "the insurer may reduce proportionately the amount to be paid on a claim", and 6(2) defines that as meaning "the insurer need pay on the claim only X% of what it would otherwise have been under an obligation to pay under the terms of the contract". If the breach was deliberate or reckless, paragraph 2 is not proportionate at all — the insurer "may avoid the contract and refuse all claims, and need not return any of the premiums paid". But a commercial policy is allowed to contract out of the Act's remedies and leave you worse off, and section 16(2) permits it only where section 17 is satisfied: the insurer "must take sufficient steps to draw the disadvantageous term to the insured's attention before the contract is entered into or the variation agreed", and "The disadvantageous term must be clear and unambiguous as to its effect." The Ombudsman asks insurers for exactly this when a small business complains, listing among the evidence it expects "how the terms were made clear to the customer that underinsurance would put them in a worse position than the redress allowed under the Insurance Act 2015". So the specification carries a line per quote: does this wording contract out of the Insurance Act 2015 remedies, and where is that term.

6. **Write the business interruption section as a sentence about your worst month, not a number you were asked for.** This is the cover most often wrong in hospitality, because the figure is a calculation and the indemnity period is a guess. Specify the basis — gross profit as the policy defines it, not as your accountant does — the sum insured, the indemnity period in months, and what you have assumed about how long it would actually take to strip out, rebuild, refit, re-licence, restaff and get a Saturday night back to where it was. Twelve months is the default in the market and is frequently short for a venue that needs a planning consent, a listed-building consent or a new extraction run. The Ombudsman's evidence list for commercial underinsurance complaints puts the burden squarely on what you told your broker, expecting to see "confirmation the customer had made clear to the broker what the figures for business interruption cover should reflect". So put it in the specification in your own words, in writing, with the assumptions named, and make the broker confirm the definition matches. A twelve-month indemnity period on a twenty-four-month rebuild is not a cheaper policy; it is half a policy.

7. **Employers' liability is the one line in the whole document that is not a commercial choice.** Section 1(1) of the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 requires that "every employer carrying on any business in Great Britain shall insure, and maintain insurance, under one or more approved policies with an authorised insurer or insurers against liability for bodily injury or disease sustained by his employees, and arising out of and in the course of their employment in Great Britain in that business". The amount is fixed by regulation 3(1) of the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 1998: the cover "shall be, or shall in aggregate be not less than £5 million" for a claim arising out of any one occurrence and the costs and expenses of it. HSE's guide for employers adds what the market actually does and what it costs to get wrong: "You must be insured for at least £5 million. However, you should look carefully at your risks and liabilities and consider whether you need insurance cover of more than £5 million. In practice, most insurers offer cover of at least £10 million", and "You can be fined up to £2500 for any day which you are without suitable insurance." GOV.UK states the display duty in the same breath as its penalty: display the certificate "where employees can access it (for example at your workplace, on your website or work intranet)" and show it to inspectors, and "If you do not, you could be fined £1,000." Note in the specification who counts as an employee for this purpose — casuals, agency cover, kitchen porters on a rota, family members — because that is a question of the real relationship and not of what you call them, and get it confirmed rather than assumed.

8. **List every warranty and condition precedent as an operational commitment, and price the ones you cannot keep.** This is the quiet difference between two quotes that look identical. A cheaper policy often carries a fire-alarm warranty, a locks-and-protections warranty, a deep-fat-fryer or extraction-cleaning warranty with a frequency attached, a sprinkler or suppression condition, an unoccupancy condition with a number of days in it, or a burglar-alarm-set condition. Section 10(2) of the Insurance Act 2015 sets out what a live breach does: "An insurer has no liability under a contract of insurance in respect of any loss occurring, or attributable to something happening, after a warranty (express or implied) in the contract has been breached but before the breach has been remedied." Cover suspends while you are in breach and comes back when you fix it — better than the old law, and still enough to lose a whole claim that lands in the gap. Section 11 limits it where the breach is beside the point: a term is unenforceable against you for a given loss if you show "that the non-compliance with the term could not have increased the risk of the loss which actually occurred in the circumstances in which it occurred". That is a defence, not a plan. So each warranty gets a row: what it requires, how often, who in the business does it, where it is recorded, and whether the ducting contractor or alarm maintainer you already use meets it. A warranty nobody in the building has read is a premium saving you have not actually made.

9. **Build the comparison grid before you ask for a single quote, one column per quote and identical rows down the side.** Sections in order: each cover, the limit, the sub-limits, the excess, the basis of settlement, the average condition, the warranties, the indemnity period, the territorial limits, the exclusions that differ, the claims service, and the total premium with insurance premium tax and every fee shown separately. Then a final row for what is missing that the specification asked for. The FCA's rule already entitles you to the information — ICOBS 6.1.5R(1): "A firm must ensure that a customer is given appropriate information about a policy in good time and in a comprehensible form so that the customer can make an informed decision about the arrangements proposed" — and ICOBS 6.1.6G(3) confirms that the rule applies "to the price of the policy". For a business rather than a household, ICOBS 6.1.7A G says a firm dealing with a commercial customer "should include the IPID information (regardless of whether an IPID itself is provided)", and ICOBS 6.1.7G(2) lists what the level of information turns on, including "the policy terms, including its main benefits, exclusions, limitations, conditions and its duration". Your specification is also doing the broker's own regulatory job for them in advance: under ICOBS 5.2.2R(1) a firm "must specify, on the basis of information obtained from the customer, the demands and the needs of that customer", and ICOBS 5.2.2R(3) requires that "A statement of the demands and needs must be communicated to the customer prior to the conclusion of a contract of insurance". Read that statement when it arrives and check it describes your place.

10. **Run the renewal on a calendar, and do not rely on the renewal rules you have heard about — they are written for households.** Put four dates in the diary: sixty days out, send the specification to your broker and to any second broker you want quoting, telling each which insurers they are approaching so two brokers do not both go to the same one and jam the market; thirty days out, quotes back on the grid; fourteen days out, decide and ask for the full wording of the one you are taking, not the summary; renewal day, check the certificate and the schedule against the specification line by line. The FCA renewal disclosure rule you may have read about does not apply to you: ICOBS 6.5.1R(1) opens "This section applies when a firm proposes to a consumer the renewal of a general insurance contract, which is not a group policy, and which has a duration of 10 months or more." A restaurant, bar, hotel or pub buying commercial cover is not a consumer, so nobody is obliged to print last year's premium next to this year's for you, and nobody is obliged to send you the fourth-renewal warning that consumers get — the one that reads "You have been with us a number of years. You may be able to get the insurance cover you want at a better price if you shop around." You have to do that comparison yourself, which is what the grid is for. The one substantive protection the consumer rule names is worth borrowing as a habit anyway: it requires a statement telling the customer they "should check that the level of cover offered by the renewal is appropriate for their needs".

## Then it checks

1. Every cover in the specification has a limit with a currency and a unit, an excess, and a named basis of settlement. No line reads "as per schedule", "standard", "full value", "adequate" or "as before".
2. Every sum insured carries the date it was assessed and who assessed it, or an explicit "to be confirmed by our broker or a surveyor before we rely on this". No figure has been carried forward from last year without being marked as carried forward.
3. Every sum insured has an answer beside it to the average question: the condition is quoted, or the specification says it is absent, or it says the wording has been requested and not yet seen. None is left blank.
4. The business interruption section states the basis, the sum insured, the indemnity period in months, and the assumptions behind the indemnity period in the owner's own words. The indemnity period is not a number that arrived from anywhere other than that reasoning.
5. Every warranty and condition precedent has a named person in the business against it and a place the evidence is recorded. Any warranty with no owner is flagged in the grid as a reason the quote carrying it is not comparable.
6. The presentation of the risk names who was asked, what they were asked about and on what date, and includes claims, convictions, previous refusals and cancellations, or says explicitly that there are none.
7. Employers' liability appears with a limit of not less than £5 million, or the specification states in one sentence why this business has no employees within the meaning of the 1969 Act and names who confirmed that.
8. The comparison grid has one column per quote and identical rows, the premium row shows tax and fees separately, and every quote that departs from the specification has its departure written on the grid rather than absorbed into the price.
9. The document states on its face that it is a working specification for the owner's broker to price and confirm, and that the policy wording decides what is covered.

Any check fails: name it, redo that step once. Failed twice: say what is wrong and stop.

## Rules
- Public information only.
- Never invent a fact, a number or a quote.
- Anything sent in someone's name says whose name it is.
- Never name an insurer, never recommend one, never suggest a market or a scheme, and never state or estimate a premium. This skill produces the specification that others price; the moment it names a price or a provider it is doing something it is not qualified or permitted to do.
- Never state a statutory minimum, a penalty or a required limit that has not been read off legislation.gov.uk, HSE or GOV.UK and cited on the page. An invented compulsory figure is the most dangerous output this skill could produce, because it will be treated as settled and quoted back to a broker.
- Never write a sum insured, a rebuild cost, a gross profit figure or an indemnity period that the owner did not give or that a named professional did not assess. Filling in a plausible number is how underinsurance is created, not avoided.
- Never describe cover as adequate, sufficient, compliant or the best value. Only the policy wording and the insurer decide what is covered, and whether a limit is enough is a judgement for the owner with their broker.
- Never treat a cheaper quote as a better one without the departure written down. A quote that is cheaper because a warranty was added, an indemnity period shortened or a sub-limit introduced is not the same product, and the whole purpose of this document is to make that visible.
- Do not audit the existing policy for gaps here. Reading the cover the owner already has and finding what is missing is a different job with a different output; this skill specifies what to buy and compares what comes back.
- Note that the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 and its 1998 Regulations apply to Great Britain. Northern Ireland has its own corresponding law, and the skill should say so rather than let an owner in Belfast assume these provisions are theirs.
- If a dispute arises later, the Financial Ombudsman Service is only open to some businesses. Under DISP 2.7.3R an eligible complainant must be, among others, "a consumer" or "a micro-enterprise", and the Service describes a micro-enterprise as a business which "employs fewer than 10 people, and has annual turnover or a balance sheet that does not exceed €2 million", and a small business as one which "is not a micro-enterprise", "has an annual turnover of less than £6.5 million and has a balance sheet total of less than £5 million, or employs fewer than 50 people". Never tell an owner they are covered by the Ombudsman without saying the thresholds exist and that linked companies count towards them.
- This output is a working document prepared for the owner's FCA-authorised insurance broker to price, challenge and confirm before it is relied on. It is not insurance advice, not legal advice, and not a policy. Only the policy wording and the insurer decide what is covered.

## Built from
- Legislation.gov.uk, "Insurance Act 2015, Part 2: The duty of fair presentation, sections 3 to 7", https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/part/2, read 15 September 2026: section 3(1) the duty itself, 3(3) and 3(4) what a fair presentation consists of, 4(3), 4(6) and 4(8)(c) on whose knowledge counts and the reasonable search, 6(1) on deliberately not looking, and 7(1) and 7(3) on materiality and on the presentation not needing to be one document. These are steps 1 and 2 and the reason the presentation is written before any number.
- Legislation.gov.uk, "Insurance Act 2015, section 8 and Schedule 1", https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/section/8 and https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/schedule/1, read 15 September 2026: section 8(1) on when an insurer has a remedy at all, 8(5) on deliberate or reckless breach, Schedule 1 paragraph 2 on avoidance with premiums retained, and paragraph 6 on proportionate reduction. This is step 5.
- Legislation.gov.uk, "Insurance Act 2015, sections 10, 11, 16 and 17", https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/section/10, /11, /16 and /17, read 15 September 2026: section 10(2) on suspensive breach of warranty and 11(3) on terms not relevant to the actual loss, which are step 8; sections 16(2) and 17(2) to (3) on contracting out and the transparency requirements, which are step 5's contracting-out line.
- Legislation.gov.uk, "Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969, section 1", https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/57/section/1, read 15 September 2026: the compulsory insurance duty quoted in step 7, and the definitions of "approved policy" and "authorised insurer" in section 1(3).
- Legislation.gov.uk, "The Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 1998, regulations 3 and 5", UK Statutory Instruments 1998 No. 2573, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/2573/regulation/3/made and /regulation/5/made, read 15 September 2026: the £5 million aggregate minimum per occurrence including costs and expenses, the group-company aggregation rule, and the duty to display copies of the certificate at each place of business until it expires. Step 7.
- Health and Safety Executive, "Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969: A brief guide for employers", leaflet HSE40(rev4), https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hse40.pdf, read 15 September 2026: the practical £5 million versus £10 million market point, the conditions an insurer may not impose, the guidance on who counts as an employee, and the £2,500-per-day and £1,000 penalties, all in step 7. Note the leaflet still refers to the Financial Services Authority and fsa.gov.uk, which no longer exist; the authorisation register is now the FCA's.
- GOV.UK, "Employers' liability insurance", https://www.gov.uk/employers-liability-insurance, read 15 September 2026: the current statement of the £5 million minimum, the family-member and overseas-employee exemptions, the certificate display duty and the £2,500-a-day and £1,000 fines, used in step 7 to corroborate the older HSE leaflet and to point at the FCA register rather than the FSA one.
- FCA Handbook, ICOBS 6.1 "Providing product information to customers: general", https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/ICOBS/6/1.html, section last updated 27 July 2026, read 15 September 2026: ICOBS 6.1.5R(1) the appropriate information rule, 6.1.6G on its application at renewal and to price, 6.1.7G on what the level of information turns on, and 6.1.7A G on commercial customers and IPID information. Step 9.
- FCA Handbook, ICOBS 5.2 "Demands and needs", https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/ICOBS/5/2.html, read 15 September 2026: ICOBS 5.2.2R(1) and (3) on specifying and communicating the customer's demands and needs, and 5.2.2BR requiring the proposed contract to be consistent with them. Step 9, and the reason a written specification is the owner's half of a duty the broker already has.
- FCA Handbook, ICOBS 6.5 "Renewals", https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/ICOBS/6/5.html, section last updated 1 January 2022, read 15 September 2026: ICOBS 6.5.1R(1) which limits the whole section to consumers, 6.5.1R(3)(c)(i) the check-your-level-of-cover statement, and 6.5.1R(4) the fourth-renewal shop-around wording. Step 10, cited to show what a commercial buyer does not get.
- Financial Ombudsman Service, "Underinsurance in home insurance complaints", https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/businesses/complaints-deal/insurance/home-buildings-insurance/underinsurance-home-insurance-complaints, read 15 September 2026: the rebuild-cost wording quoted in step 3, the evidence the Service asks commercial insurers for including the business interruption and Insurance Act 2015 contracting-out points in steps 5 and 6, and the "applying average" terminology in step 4.
- Financial Ombudsman Service, case study "Underinsurance issues reduce a buildings insurance claim payout by 50%", https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/businesses/resolving-complaint/case-studies/consumer-complains-impact-underinsurance, read 15 September 2026: the worked arithmetic of average and the Service's substituted proportionate-premium outcome, quoted in step 4. This is a consumer case and the skill says so on the page.
- FCA Handbook, DISP 2.7 "Is the complainant eligible?", https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/DISP/2/7.html, read 15 September 2026, and Financial Ombudsman Service for small businesses, "Who we can help", https://sme.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/complain/can-help, read 15 September 2026: DISP 2.7.3R on eligible complainants, DISP 2.7.4G on linked and partner enterprises, and the micro-enterprise and small-business thresholds quoted in the rules.

Prompt for Codex

# insurance-compare

## You are given
A folder for one UK hospitality business going to market: the current policy schedule, last year's renewal invitation, the proposal form or statement of fact, the employers' liability certificate, any endorsements and subjectivity letters, the owner's written description of the place - addresses, opening hours, late licence, covers or bedrooms, kitchen equipment and extraction, outside catering, functions, deliveries, festivals and pop-ups, who lives above, the construction of the building, the age of the wiring and the flat roof - the claims history, and, as quotes come back later, the quote documents themselves. Claude has already done the judgement: what the business actually is, what the indemnity period reasoning has to be, and which warranties the owner can live with. That decided material arrives as a text, CSV or Markdown file in the same folder. Codex writes the specification every broker will quote against, the blank grid the quotes land in, and the dates.

## Produce
Write into an `output/` folder next to the inputs:

1. `cover-specification.csv` - the spine every quote is priced against. One row per section of cover. Columns exactly, in this order:
`spec_ref,section_of_cover,limit_gbp,sub_limits_gbp,excess_gbp,sum_insured_gbp,basis_of_settlement_in_words,indemnity_period_months,territorial_limits,average_or_underinsurance_condition_required,figure_supplied_by,date_assessed,status,source_file`
 - `basis_of_settlement_in_words` is written out in words before any figure, for example `full reinstatement` or `replacement as new`. **No cell in this file reads `as per schedule`, `standard`, `full value`, `adequate` or `as before`.**
 - `status` is one of exactly `supplied by the owner`, `assessed by a named professional`, `carried forward from last year, marked as carried forward`, `to be confirmed by our broker or a surveyor before we rely on this`.
 - `average_or_underinsurance_condition_required` is `the wording is to be supplied`, `absent`, or the condition quoted. It is never left blank.
2. `presentation-of-the-risk.md` - the fair presentation, written once and identical for every insurer approached. Fixed headed sections in this order: the business and the entity, each address and what happens there, opening hours and licensable activities, covers and bedrooms, equipment and extraction, off-site and occasional trading, who lives or sleeps on the premises, construction and the age of services, claims in the last ten years, convictions, previous refusals and cancellations, and material changes since the last presentation. Every sentence is the owner's own material transcribed. Nothing is softened, summarised away or omitted because it is unflattering.
3. `reasonable-search-record.csv` - columns exactly: `person_asked,role,what_they_were_asked_about,date_asked,answer_as_given,recorded_in_section_of_the_presentation,source_file`. One row per person the inputs say was asked - head chef, general manager, bookkeeper, landlord or managing agent, accountant - and one row for each person the decided material says should have been asked and was not, with `answer_as_given` reading `not asked`.
4. `disclosure-register.csv` - columns exactly: `disclosure_ref,category,what_is_disclosed_as_supplied,date_or_period,amount_gbp,section_of_the_presentation_it_appears_in,source_file`. `category` is one of exactly `claim`, `conviction`, `previous refusal`, `previous cancellation`, `near miss`, `material change`, `other circumstance`. `disclosure_ref` is `D-001` upwards. Every entry also appears in `presentation-of-the-risk.md`; nothing is registered here and left out of the presentation.
5. `warranties-and-conditions-to-live-with.csv` - columns exactly, in this order:
`warranty_ref,where_it_comes_from,clause_text_verbatim,what_it_requires,frequency_as_written,named_person_in_the_business,where_the_evidence_is_recorded,existing_contractor_who_would_meet_it,owner_has_assigned_it_yes_no,source_file`
 - `where_it_comes_from` is `existing policy` or the quote reference it arrived on.
 - `clause_text_verbatim` is quoted word for word, in quotation marks, never paraphrased.
 - A warranty with `owner_has_assigned_it_yes_no` of `no` is carried into `departures-from-specification.csv` as a reason the quote carrying it is not comparable.
6. `comparison-grid.csv` - blank, one column per quote, identical rows down the side. Columns exactly: `row_ref,row_label,specification_asked_for,quote_1,quote_2,quote_3,quote_4`. Rows in this fixed order: each section of cover from file 1 by `spec_ref`, then limit, sub-limits, excess, basis of settlement, sum insured, average or underinsurance condition, indemnity period in months, territorial limits, warranties and conditions attached, exclusions that differ from the specification, claims notification deadline, claims service, **premium**, **insurance premium tax**, **broker fee**, **other fees**, **total payable**, instalment terms, and a final row `what the specification asked for that this quote does not answer`. The quote columns ship empty. The four money rows ship empty and are filled only as described in the rules.
7. `departures-from-specification.csv` - columns exactly: `quote_ref,insurer_or_broker_name_as_printed_on_the_quote,spec_ref,what_the_specification_asked_for,what_the_quote_offers,departure_kind,source_file`. `departure_kind` is one of exactly `limit lower`, `excess higher`, `sub-limit introduced`, `warranty added`, `condition precedent added`, `indemnity period shortened`, `basis of settlement changed`, `cover absent`, `territorial limits narrowed`, `wording not supplied`. Every departure is written down as a departure. None is absorbed into the price.
8. `renewal-date-schedule.csv` - columns exactly: `event,calendar_date,how_it_was_calculated,source_file`. Events, at minimum: current policy expiry, employers' liability certificate expiry, sixty days before expiry (specification issued to brokers), thirty days before expiry (quotes back on the grid), fourteen days before expiry (decision made and full wording requested), renewal day (certificate and schedule checked line by line against the specification). Every `calendar_date` is a real DD Month YYYY date counted from a date that appears in the inputs, and `how_it_was_calculated` names that date and the count applied to it. A date that cannot be counted from a supplied date is not written; it goes in file 10.
9. `cover-specification.md` - the printable specification issued to brokers. In this order: the business as named, the presentation of the risk by reference to file 2, the cover specification table from file 1, the basis of settlement stated for every sum insured, the average question against every sum insured, the business interruption basis with the indemnity period in months and the assumptions behind it in the owner's own words, employers' liability, the warranties and conditions the owner can live with, and the information requested back with every quote. It closes with the instruction that every quote is to be returned against these rows.
10. `to-be-confirmed.md` - a numbered list of every figure with no evidence behind it, every sum insured carried forward without assessment, every warranty with no named person against it, every date that could not be counted, every person who should have been asked in the reasonable search and was not, and every section where the wording was requested and not supplied. For each, say what is missing, who has to supply it, and what it stops the specification from doing.
11. `README.md` - what was read, the count of sections specified, the count of disclosures by category, the count of warranties and how many have an owner assigned, the renewal date and the four diary dates, and everything that could not be resolved.

## Rules
- **Never name, recommend, rank, suggest, steer towards or compare the reputation of an insurer, broker, scheme or market.** The only names written anywhere are those printed on documents the owner supplied, transcribed as facts. This pack produces the specification that others price. The moment it names a preference it is doing something it is neither qualified nor permitted to do.
- **Never say anything is covered or not covered, would be paid or would be declined.** The specification states what is being asked for; the wording and the insurer decide what is bought.
- **Never write a premium, an insurance premium tax figure or a fee that Codex has produced, estimated, indexed, benchmarked or carried across from anywhere.** Where a quote document is supplied in the inputs, the premium, the tax and each fee are transcribed exactly as printed with the quote document named as the source. Where no quote document is supplied, those cells ship empty for the owner or broker to complete. No market, indicative, illustrative or last-year-plus figure is ever written.
- **Never invent or complete a sum insured, a rebuild cost, a fit-out value, a stock figure, a gross profit figure or an indemnity period.** Filling in a plausible number is how underinsurance is created, not avoided. A figure the owner did not give and a named professional did not assess is `to be confirmed by our broker or a surveyor before we rely on this`, and it goes in `to-be-confirmed.md`. A figure carried forward from last year is written as carried forward, every time.
- **Never reconstruct, reproduce, paraphrase or work an example of the Insurance Act 2015 Schedule 1 proportionate-reduction formula.** The definition of X per cent is published on legislation.gov.uk as inline images and could not be read. Quote the Act's own words for the mechanism where it is relevant and stop. No arithmetic, no worked example, no percentage.
- Never describe a quote or a level of cover as better, best value, cheaper overall, adequate, sufficient or compliant. A quote that is cheaper because a warranty was added, an indemnity period shortened or a sub-limit introduced is not the same product, and making that visible in `departures-from-specification.csv` is the entire purpose of this pack. The grid records; it never ranks.
- Never mark a warranty complied with or breached, and never state that a clause is void, unenforceable or contracted out. Where the decided material flags a contracting-out question, it is written as a row on the grid asking where that term is and when it was drawn to the owner's attention.
- Never state a statutory minimum, penalty or required limit that is not in the decided material with its named source beside it. The compulsory employers' liability figure cited there is written for Great Britain: where the inputs place the premises in Northern Ireland, write no figure, say so in `to-be-confirmed.md`, and record that the corresponding Northern Ireland law has to be checked.
- Never record the owner as eligible to complain to the Financial Ombudsman Service. Where the decided material gives the micro-enterprise and small business thresholds with their source, transcribe the thresholds and note that linked and partner enterprises count towards them. Eligibility is the Service's decision against its own rules.
- **Do not audit the existing policy for gaps.** Reading the cover the owner already has and finding what is missing is a different job with a different output. This pack specifies what to buy and compares what comes back.
- Every figure, date, name and quotation traces to a supplied input named in that row's `source_file` cell. Gaps go in `to-be-confirmed.md`, never filled with an estimate.
- Send nothing, sign nothing, submit nothing and email nothing. Every file stays on disk for the owner's broker to price and challenge.
- This is written for restaurants, bars, cafes, pubs, hotels and venues. Never shrink the category to "kitchens".
- British English, £, dates written as DD Month YYYY. No em dash characters anywhere. No emoji.
- Every output file carries, as its first line or its first row: "Working specification prepared for the owner's FCA-authorised insurance broker to price, challenge and confirm before it is relied on. It is not insurance advice, not legal advice, and not a policy. Only the policy wording and the insurer decide what is covered."

## Return
The absolute path of each of the eleven files with their row counts, the count of sections specified, how many carry a sum insured and how many are `to be confirmed`, the count of disclosures by category, the count of warranties and how many have a named person against them, the renewal date and the four diary dates with how each was counted, the number of quote columns the grid ships with, and every entry in `to-be-confirmed.md`. State plainly that no insurer was named or recommended, that no premium figure was originated, that no sum insured was invented, and that the Schedule 1 formula was not reconstructed.

Built from the best public work on this

Sources for insurance-compare

Everything below was opened and read on 15 September 2026. Where a page renders through JavaScript or returned a summary rather than the text, it was pulled as raw HTML or XHTML and stripped locally so the quotes are read off the provision itself and not off a search snippet. Nothing is cited that could not be loaded. Four things could not be read and are reported honestly at the end, including one piece of the Insurance Act that exists only as an image.

1. Insurance Act 2015, Part 2 — the duty of fair presentation, sections 3 to 7

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/part/2, and the individual sections at /section/3 through /section/7, read 15 September 2026. Read as XHTML via legislation.gov.uk's own `data.xht?view=snippet` endpoint, because a plain fetch of Part 2 returned a refusal to reproduce the text rather than the text.

This is the spine of the skill. The reason an owner writes a specification at all is that the law puts the burden of describing the risk on the owner, not on the broker and not on the insurer.

Section 3(1) is the duty: "Before a contract of insurance is entered into, the insured must make to the insurer a fair presentation of the risk." Section 3(3) says a fair presentation is one "(a) which makes the disclosure required by subsection (4), (b) which makes that disclosure in a manner which would be reasonably clear and accessible to a prudent insurer, and (c) in which every material representation as to a matter of fact is substantially correct, and every material representation as to a matter of expectation or belief is made in good faith." Section 3(4)(a) sets the scope: "disclosure of every material circumstance which the insured knows or ought to know".

Section 4 is the part small businesses get wrong. Section 4(3): an insured that is not an individual "knows only what is known to one or more of the individuals who are (a) part of the insured's senior management, or (b) responsible for the insured's insurance", with senior management defined at 4(8)(c) as "those individuals who play significant roles in the making of decisions about how the insured's activities are to be managed or organised". Section 4(6) creates the search duty quoted in step 2: "Whether an individual or not, an insured ought to know what should reasonably have been revealed by a reasonable search of information available to the insured (whether the search is conducted by making enquiries or by any other means)."

Section 6(1) removes the temptation not to ask: knowledge includes "matters which the individual suspected, and of which the individual would have had knowledge but for deliberately refraining from confirming them or enquiring about them."

Section 7(1) — "A fair presentation need not be contained in only one document or oral presentation" — is the licence for the whole approach, because it means one written presentation can be sent to several insurers without being a worse presentation for being reused. Section 7(3) is the materiality test: "A circumstance or representation is material if it would influence the judgement of a prudent insurer in determining whether to take the risk and, if so, on what terms." Section 7(4) offers examples including "special or unusual facts relating to the risk" and "any particular concerns which led the insured to seek insurance cover for the risk".

Where the skill departs: section 3(5) says you need not disclose things the insurer knows, ought to know, is presumed to know, or waives — and section 5(3)(b) presumes an insurer knows "things which an insurer offering insurance of the class in question to insureds in the field of activity in question would reasonably be expected to know in the ordinary course of business". That is a real carve-out and the skill deliberately does not lean on it. An owner who decides for themselves that a fact is industry-standard and leaves it out has made a judgement they will have to defend after a loss, at the worst possible moment, against an insurer with lawyers. The skill's instruction is to disclose and let the underwriter discount it, which costs nothing.

The skill also does not attempt to tell anyone what is material in their particular case. Section 7(3) is a prudent-underwriter test, not a checklist, and the specification lists categories to cover rather than pretending to close the set.

2. Insurance Act 2015, section 8 and Schedule 1 — remedies

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/section/8 and https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/schedule/1, read 15 September 2026.

This supplied step 5, which exists because owners assume the consequence of getting a figure wrong is a refused claim, when in the ordinary case it is a reduced one.

Section 8(1) limits the insurer first: it has a remedy "only if the insurer shows that, but for the breach, the insurer (a) would not have entered into the contract of insurance at all, or (b) would have done so only on different terms." Section 8(5) defines the serious category: a breach is deliberate or reckless if the insured "(a) knew that it was in breach of the duty of fair presentation, or (b) did not care whether or not it was in breach of that duty", and 8(6) puts that burden on the insurer.

Schedule 1 paragraph 2 is the harsh end: for a deliberate or reckless breach the insurer "may avoid the contract and refuse all claims, and need not return any of the premiums paid." Paragraph 4 covers the honest breach the insurer would never have written: avoid and refuse, "but must in that event return the premiums paid". Paragraph 5 lets the insurer impose the terms it would have used. Paragraph 6(1) is the proportionate remedy quoted in the skill: "the insurer may reduce proportionately the amount to be paid on a claim", defined at 6(2) as meaning "the insurer need pay on the claim only X% of what it would otherwise have been under an obligation to pay under the terms of the contract".

Where the skill departs: it stops at the words and does not reproduce the formula for X. The formula itself is published on legislation.gov.uk as an inline image, not as text, and could not be read (see "Could not be loaded"). The skill states the mechanism in the Act's own language and does not attempt the arithmetic, because inventing the formula from memory in a document an owner will show a broker is exactly the failure this pack exists to avoid. The skill also does not cover Part 2's variation provisions in Schedule 1 Part 2, because mid-term changes are a separate conversation and folding them in would have doubled the step without helping anyone at renewal.

3. Insurance Act 2015, sections 10, 11, 16 and 17 — warranties and contracting out

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/4/section/10, /section/11, /section/16 and /section/17, read 15 September 2026.

Two different jobs. Sections 10 and 11 are step 8; sections 16 and 17 are the contracting-out line in step 5.

Section 10(1) abolishes the old automatic discharge, and 10(2) states what actually happens now: "An insurer has no liability under a contract of insurance in respect of any loss occurring, or attributable to something happening, after a warranty (express or implied) in the contract has been breached but before the breach has been remedied." Section 10(4) confirms losses before the breach, and after it is remedied, are unaffected. Section 11(1) applies to a term "other than a term defining the risk as a whole" where compliance "would tend to reduce the risk" of loss of a particular kind, at a particular location, or at a particular time, and 11(3) gives the insured the escape: it must show "that the non-compliance with the term could not have increased the risk of the loss which actually occurred in the circumstances in which it occurred."

Section 16(2) allows a commercial policy to put the insured in a worse position than the Act "unless the requirements of section 17 have been satisfied". Section 17(2) and 17(3) are those requirements: the insurer "must take sufficient steps to draw the disadvantageous term to the insured's attention before the contract is entered into or the variation agreed", and "The disadvantageous term must be clear and unambiguous as to its effect."

Where the skill departs: section 11 reads like a safety net and the skill deliberately refuses to present it as one. Whether a fryer-cleaning warranty "could not have increased the risk" of a particular fire is precisely the kind of question that gets argued about for months while a closed restaurant pays rent. The skill treats section 11 as a defence to be grateful for after the event and insists that every warranty is priced as an operational commitment before the event. The skill also does not use section 9 — which stops a representation being converted into a warranty by a basis-of-contract clause — because in practice that battle is already won and mentioning it would have added a paragraph an owner cannot act on.

4. Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969, section 1

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/57/section/1, read 15 September 2026.

The one compulsory line in step 7. Section 1(1): "Except as otherwise provided by this Act, every employer carrying on any business in Great Britain shall insure, and maintain insurance, under one or more approved policies with an authorised insurer or insurers against liability for bodily injury or disease sustained by his employees, and arising out of and in the course of their employment in Great Britain in that business". Section 1(3)(a) defines an approved policy as "a policy of insurance not subject to any conditions or exceptions prohibited for those purposes by regulations", and 1(3)(b) ties "authorised insurer" to permission under Part 4A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Section 1(3)(c) makes "business" include "a trade or profession, and includes any activity carried on by a body of persons, whether corporate or unincorporate".

Where the skill departs: the Act extends to England, Wales and Scotland — the section is marked E+W+S. Northern Ireland has its own corresponding legislation, which was not read for this skill, so the rules section says so explicitly rather than letting an owner in Belfast assume these provisions cover them. The skill also does not attempt to decide who is an employee; that turns on the real relationship and is flagged as something to confirm.

5. The Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 1998, regulations 3 and 5

UK Statutory Instruments 1998 No. 2573, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/2573/regulation/3/made and https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/2573/regulation/5/made, read 15 September 2026.

Regulation 3(1) is the only hard number in the whole skill: the cover "shall be, or shall in aggregate be not less than £5 million in respect of (a) a claim relating to any one or more of those employees arising out of any one occurrence; and (b) any costs and expenses incurred in relation to any such claim." Regulation 3(2) aggregates a company with its subsidiaries "as if they were a single employer", which matters to an owner running three venues through three companies. Regulation 5(1) to (3) is the display duty: copies at each place of business, "in such number and in such positions and be of such size and legibility that they may be easily seen and read by any relevant employees", kept on display until the policy expires or ends.

Where the skill departs: regulation 3 says "not less than £5 million" including costs and expenses, and the skill does not treat £5 million as a target. The costs-inclusive point is why step 7 quotes HSE's market observation about £10 million alongside the statutory floor. The skill also uses regulation 5 only as a checklist item; the 1998 Regulations were amended after 2008 to allow electronic display, and the "as made" text read here does not reflect that, which is why the display wording in the skill is taken from GOV.UK's current page rather than from this regulation.

6. HSE, "Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969: A brief guide for employers", HSE40(rev4)

https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hse40.pdf, read 15 September 2026 — fetched as a PDF and the text extracted locally, because the fetched content came back as unreadable binary through the ordinary route.

This is where the practical figures in step 7 come from. On amount: "You must be insured for at least £5 million. However, you should look carefully at your risks and liabilities and consider whether you need insurance cover of more than £5 million. In practice, most insurers offer cover of at least £10 million." On enforcement: "You can be fined up to £2500 for any day which you are without suitable insurance. If you do not display the certificate of insurance or refuse to make it available to HSE inspectors when they ask, you can be fined up to £1000."

It also supplied two things the legislation does not. First, the conditions an insurer may not impose — an insurer "cannot refuse to pay compensation purely because" the employer has not provided reasonable protection, has not kept specified records, has done or not done something the insurer told them, or "has not met any legal requirement connected with protection of your employees" — which is why step 8's warranty discipline is written about property and liability cover generally rather than aimed at the EL section. Second, the employment-status guidance, which is the honest answer to a hospitality owner asking about casuals: "It does not matter whether you usually call someone an employee or self-employed or what their tax status is... What matters is the real nature of your relationship with the people who work for you and the nature and degree of control that you have over the work they do."

Where the skill departs, and this matters: **this leaflet is out of date in a way that is visible on its own face.** It tells employers to check authorisation on "www.fsa.gov.uk" and to telephone the Financial Services Authority, a body that ceased to exist in 2013. The skill therefore quotes HSE40 only for the amounts, the prohibited conditions and the employment-status reasoning, and takes the authorisation register and the display duty from GOV.UK's current page instead. It says so in the citation rather than quietly preferring one source, because an owner who notices the FSA reference and concludes the whole leaflet is junk would be wrong about the £5 million and wrong about the fines.

7. GOV.UK, "Employers' liability insurance"

https://www.gov.uk/employers-liability-insurance, read 15 September 2026.

The current, short, plain-English version of the same duty, used to corroborate the 1998 Regulations and to replace HSE40's dead references. It states the duty as three things: get EL insurance "as soon as you become an employer", "to cover you for at least £5 million", "from an authorised insurer", and points at the Financial Conduct Authority register rather than the FSA. It names the two exemptions an owner-run venue is most likely to hit — employing only a family member from the listed relationships, or only someone based outside England, Scotland and Wales. On penalties: "You can be fined £2,500 every day you are not properly insured", and on the certificate, display it "where employees can access it (for example at your workplace, on your website or work intranet)" and show it to inspectors, because "If you do not, you could be fined £1,000."

Where the skill departs: GOV.UK states the family-member exemption without the qualification HSE40 carries — that it "does not apply to family businesses which are incorporated as limited companies". Most hospitality businesses of any size are limited companies, so the skill uses HSE's fuller version and treats the GOV.UK summary as the corroborating source for the amounts and the fines rather than as the authority on who is exempt. Taking GOV.UK alone here would have told a husband-and-wife limited company that they did not need cover, which is the opposite of the truth.

8. FCA Handbook, ICOBS 6.1 — Providing product information to customers: general

https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/ICOBS/6/1.html, section last updated 27 July 2026, read 15 September 2026. The Handbook renders through JavaScript; the page was fetched raw and the rule text extracted locally, because an ordinary fetch returned truncated quotations that broke off mid-sentence.

This is what entitles a commercial buyer to information good enough to compare on, and it is step 9. ICOBS 6.1.5R(1): "A firm must ensure that a customer is given appropriate information about a policy in good time and in a comprehensible form so that the customer can make an informed decision about the arrangements proposed." 6.1.5R(3) confirms "Appropriate information is both objective and relevant information, and includes IPID information", and 6.1.5R(4) fixes the timing on renewal: "'in good time' means in good time prior to the conclusion of the policy."

ICOBS 6.1.6G puts it beyond argument that this covers renewals and price: the rule applies "at all of the different stages of a contract and includes pre-conclusion and post-conclusion, and also when mid-term changes and renewals are proposed" and "to the price of the policy". 6.1.6BR requires the level of information to take "into account the complexity of the policy and the type of customer", and 6.1.7G lists what that turns on, including "the policy terms, including its main benefits, exclusions, limitations, conditions and its duration".

The provision that actually matters to a restaurant or hotel is ICOBS 6.1.7A G, "Appropriate information for commercial customers", which says a firm dealing with a commercial customer "may choose to provide some of or all of the appropriate information in an IPID..., a policy summary or a similar summary if it considers this to be a comprehensible form in which to provide that information" and "should include the IPID information (regardless of whether an IPID itself is provided)."

Where the skill departs: 6.1.7A is guidance, not a rule, and 6.1.10AR only mandates an IPID "when dealing with a consumer". So a commercial buyer has no enforceable right to the standardised two-page summary a household gets. The skill does not tell owners they can demand one. It builds the comparison grid instead, which is the practical substitute, and cites 6.1.5R — which is a rule and does apply to commercial customers — as the basis for asking for the underlying detail. Presenting guidance as an entitlement would have set an owner up to lose an argument with a broker who knows the Handbook better than they do.

9. FCA Handbook, ICOBS 5.2 — Demands and needs

https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/ICOBS/5/2.html, read 15 September 2026, with the chapter view used to recover ICOBS 5.2.2R itself after the section page returned only its later provisions.

This is the quiet discovery of the research, and it changed how step 9 is framed. ICOBS 5.2.2R(1): "Prior to the conclusion of a contract of insurance a firm must specify, on the basis of information obtained from the customer, the demands and the needs of that customer." 5.2.2R(3): "A statement of the demands and needs must be communicated to the customer prior to the conclusion of a contract of insurance." 5.2.2BR: "When proposing a contract of insurance a firm must ensure it is consistent with the customer's insurance demands and needs." 5.2.2DR: "The sale of a contract of insurance must always be accompanied by a demands and needs test on the basis of information obtained from the customer." And 5.2.2AG says the firm may obtain that information "by asking the customer questions in person or by way of a questionnaire".

So the specification an owner writes is not an unusual demand — it is the input to something the broker is already obliged to produce, and the statement of demands and needs that comes back is a document the owner should read and check describes their business.

Where the skill departs: ICOBS 5.2.4G makes the format of the statement "flexible" and gives examples of generic product-level wording ("This product meets the demands and needs of those who wish to ensure that the veterinary needs of their pet are met now and in the future"). In other words the duty can be discharged by boilerplate. The skill does not pretend otherwise and does not tell owners the statement will be tailored. It uses the rule to justify writing the specification, and then tells the owner to read what comes back rather than to rely on it.

10. FCA Handbook, ICOBS 6.5 — Renewals

https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/ICOBS/6/5.html, section last updated 1 January 2022, read 15 September 2026.

Cited for what it does **not** give a hospitality business, which is the honest half of step 10. ICOBS 6.5.1R(1): "This section applies when a firm proposes to a consumer the renewal of a general insurance contract, which is not a group policy, and which has a duration of 10 months or more."

Everything in the section follows from that word "consumer": 6.5.1R(3) requires last year's premium to be shown next to this year's "in a way that is consistent with the presentation of (a) so that they can be easily compared", together with a statement that the customer "should check that the level of cover offered by the renewal is appropriate for their needs" and "is able, if they so wish, to compare the prices and levels of cover offered by alternative providers". 6.5.1R(4) adds the fourth-renewal nudge in prescribed words: "You have been with us a number of years. You may be able to get the insurance cover you want at a better price if you shop around." 6.5.1R(5) requires all of it "clearly and accurately", in writing or another durable medium, and "in a way that is accessible and which draws the consumer's attention to it as key information."

Where the skill departs, and it is the single most useful correction in the pack: none of this applies to a restaurant, bar, hotel, café, pub or venue buying commercial cover. Owners widely believe the renewal-transparency protections are theirs because they have seen them on their own car and home policies. They are not. The skill quotes the scope line first, names the gap, and puts the comparison work back on the owner's calendar, because assuming a protection exists is worse than knowing it does not.

11. Financial Ombudsman Service, "Underinsurance in home insurance complaints"

https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/businesses/complaints-deal/insurance/home-buildings-insurance/underinsurance-home-insurance-complaints, read 15 September 2026.

Despite the title, this page carries the Ombudsman's own list of what it asks for in **commercial** underinsurance disputes, and that list is worth more to a hospitality owner than any amount of broker marketing. It expects to see, among other things, "copy of the proposal form and any evidence provided prior to the policy renewal in the relevant policy year"; "confirmation the customer had made clear to the broker what the figures for business interruption cover should reflect"; "the business should confirm what it would have done if the customer had made a fair presentation of the risk prior to the policy renewal"; "if the business would have charged a higher premium, confirm how much it would have been or whether it would have offered a different policy"; and "how the terms were made clear to the customer that underinsurance would put them in a worse position than the redress allowed under the Insurance Act 2015."

Read as a specification rather than as a complaints procedure, that list says: keep the proposal form, write down what you told the broker the business interruption figure was meant to cover, and find out whether the wording contracts out of the Act. That is steps 5 and 6 more or less directly.

The page also supplied the rebuild-cost wording quoted in step 3 — the figure should be "the present day rebuilding cost including debris removal; architects', surveyors' and consultants' costs, legal fees and VAT; and the additional cost of complying with government requirements" — and the observation behind the whole skill, that the question asked and the figure wanted are often different things: "Whilst an insurer may want to know the total cost to replace contents in all three cases, a consumer may reasonably give different answers to all three questions." It names the consequence plainly: "If the sum insured is too low, insurers may not pay claims in full — or they may not pay them at all", and names the mechanism as "reduce the claim payment (known as 'applying average')".

Where the skill departs: most of this page is written about consumers buying home insurance, and much of its fairness reasoning — that consumers "aren't usually experienced in working out these costs" and that the Ombudsman "will bear this in mind" — does not transfer to a business that had the option of instructing a surveyor. The skill does not offer that reasoning to owners as a fallback. It uses the page for the commercial evidence list and for the rebuild-cost definition, and tells the owner to get the figure assessed rather than to rely on being treated leniently for guessing.

12. Financial Ombudsman Service, case study: "Underinsurance issues reduce a buildings insurance claim payout by 50%"

https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/businesses/resolving-complaint/case-studies/consumer-complains-impact-underinsurance, read 15 September 2026.

Included because the arithmetic of average is impossible to make real in the abstract and obvious in a worked example. A rebuild cost declared at £400,000 against a true figure nearer £800,000: "Because of this, the insurer applied the average clause and settled the claim at 50% of full value — aligned with how much Barry was underinsured." The Ombudsman agreed the estimate was unreasonable — the insurer's question had been clear and it had linked to a calculator that would have produced £700,000 to £800,000 — and still did not leave the 50% reduction standing: "The insurer said it would have charged £700 rather than £600 for the policy if it had been given a reasonable estimate. We decided the insurer shouldn't reduce the settlement based on the 50% underinsurance. Instead, we thought it was fair for the insurer to base it on the premium amount, paying out 85% of the total claim value."

Where the skill departs: this is a **consumer** case and the skill says so on the page where it quotes it. The substitution of a proportionate-premium outcome for a proportionate-value outcome is the Ombudsman exercising its fair-and-reasonable jurisdiction, not a term of the policy and not a rule a commercial buyer can rely on — particularly one above the eligibility thresholds, who has no access to the Ombudsman at all. The skill uses it to show what average does and then insists on the sum insured being right, because the lesson is not "the Ombudsman will fix it".

13. FCA Handbook DISP 2.7, and the Financial Ombudsman Service for small businesses, "Who we can help"

https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/DISP/2/7.html and https://sme.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/complain/can-help, both read 15 September 2026.

These are in the rules section, not in a step, because they answer a question an owner will ask the moment underinsurance is explained to them: if this goes wrong, who do I complain to?

DISP 2.7.3R: "An eligible complainant must be a person that is: (1) a consumer; or (2) a micro-enterprise... or (6) a small business at the time the complainant refers the complaint to the respondent". DISP 2.7.4G warns that "account should be taken of the enterprise's 'partner enterprises' or 'linked enterprises'", so a venue inside a group is sized as the group. DISP 2.7.5G tells firms in doubt to "treat the complainant as if it were eligible".

The Service's own page gives the thresholds in plain numbers: a micro-enterprise "employs fewer than 10 people, and has annual turnover or a balance sheet that does not exceed €2 million"; a small business "is not a micro-enterprise", "has an annual turnover of less than £6.5 million and has a balance sheet total of less than £5 million, or employs fewer than 50 people". It adds a limit that catches people out: "Small businesses can bring a complaint only about an act or omission by the financial business which occurred on or after 1 April 2019." And it says the relevant moment is "when you complained to the financial business", not when the problem happened.

Where the skill departs: the Service says "About 99% of small businesses in the UK can bring a complaint" and the skill does not repeat that figure to owners. A multi-site hospitality group is exactly the kind of business that falls the wrong side of the balance-sheet or headcount test — a fifty-cover restaurant with three sites and seasonal staff can pass the turnover test and fail the headcount one — and the linked-enterprise rule aggregates it further. Telling an owner they are 99% likely to be covered invites them to stop checking. The skill states the thresholds and says the linked companies count.

Could not be loaded

  • **The proportionate-reduction formula in Schedule 1, paragraph 6(2) of the Insurance Act 2015.** The definition of X% is published on legislation.gov.uk as two inline images (`ukpga_20150004_en_sld_001` and `_002`) with empty `alt` attributes, so it exists in the page as a picture and not as text. It could not be read on 15 September 2026. The skill therefore quotes the Act's words for the mechanism and does not reproduce or reconstruct the formula anywhere.
  • **The Financial Ombudsman Service's commercial insurance guidance page.** https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/businesses/complaints-deal/insurance/commercial-insurance returned HTTP 404 on 15 September 2026. If a dedicated commercial-lines page exists, it is at a different address that was not found, so the commercial material in this skill comes from the commercial evidence list inside the home-insurance underinsurance page instead, and is cited that way rather than dressed up as commercial guidance.
  • **HSE's web page on employers' liability in its small-business toolbox**, https://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/managing/employers-liability.htm, returned HTTP 404 on 15 September 2026. The HSE40 leaflet PDF was used instead, with its outdated FSA references flagged above.
  • **The FCA Handbook glossary definition of "IPID information".** The glossary entry could not be retrieved — the Handbook glossary renders entirely through JavaScript and the entry identifier could not be resolved. So the skill never claims to list what an IPID must contain; it quotes ICOBS 6.1.7A G, which is readable, and builds its own comparison grid from the policy structure instead of from the glossary's list.
  • **GitHub's per-repository metadata endpoint** was rate-limited (60 requests per hour, unauthenticated; no `gh` CLI on this machine) when the repository below was looked up directly. Its creation and last-push dates were therefore **not read**, and are not stated. The star count quoted below was read live from the search endpoint before the limit was hit.
  • **Perplexity was not used.** Its key is known dead (401) and no attempt was made.

Best public prompt we found for this job

There is one, it is genuinely good, and it is the wrong shape for a UK hospitality owner — which is a more useful thing to say than either praising it or ignoring it.

**refocus-ai/refocus-ai-insurance-tools**, https://github.com/refocus-ai/refocus-ai-insurance-tools, **6 stars**, read live from https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=claude-skills+insurance&sort=stars&order=desc on 15 September 2026. MIT licensed (LICENSE read at raw.githubusercontent.com, "Copyright (c) 2026 ReFocus AI"). Its description: "Free Claude skills and prompts for insurance professionals. Compare quotes, review coverage, and cat[egorise]..." The relevant one is the **Quote Comparison** skill, at `skills/quote-comparison/skills/insurance-quote-compare/SKILL.md`, read in full on 15 September 2026.

It is a serious piece of work by a company that does this for a living, and three things in it are worth taking:

1. **Normalise before flagging.** Its Step 1 refuses to report a difference until it has ruled out a labelling variation — "$500,000 vs. 500000", "ACV vs. Actual Cash Value", "Comp vs. Comprehensive" — and where equivalence is uncertain it flags the row with "Potentially equivalent label — confirm if carrier treats these the same." A comparison that reports forty differences, thirty of which are wording, is a comparison nobody reads.

2. **Do not guess, and say which kind of not-knowing it is.** Where a value is absent it must say "**Not found in provided document.**"; where unclear, "**Unclear in provided document.**"; and it forbids treating a missing value as "zero, waived, excluded, or intentionally omitted unless the document explicitly says so." That discipline is why this skill's checks insist on an explicit answer to the average question rather than a blank.

3. **Flag placeholders as findings.** It treats "TBD", "N/A", zeroes where a real value is expected, repeated digits and impossible dates as things to report rather than tidy away — and, importantly, values "potentially system-defaulted without insured confirmation". A defaulted sum insured nobody confirmed is precisely how underinsurance arrives.

**What we did not copy, and why.**

It is American, structurally and not just superficially. Its vocabulary is carrier, producer, E&O, HO-3, UM/UIM, VIN, garaging address, protection class, state assessments, credit tier, insurance score tier. None of those is a UK concept and several are unlawful rating factors here. A UK hospitality owner who paste-ran it would get a grid with rows for things they do not have and no rows for employers' liability, business interruption indemnity period, or the average condition — the three that actually decide whether a hospitality claim is paid in full.

More fundamentally, **it compares two documents that already exist; this skill writes the document that makes the comparison meaningful in the first place.** That is the difference between the two jobs. Its output is a difference table between an Intelliagent quote and a producer quote — both generated by other people, from an application the insured may never have read. If both quotes were built on the same understated sum insured, its seven sections will find them coverage-equivalent and say nothing at all is wrong. The failure this skill exists to prevent is invisible to it, because it lives upstream of both documents in the presentation of the risk.

It also has no legal spine, deliberately and correctly for its market: it says "**Do not provide legal advice**" and routes coverage questions to "producer, carrier, compliance, or legal review". That is right for a US agency workflow with licensed staff behind it. It leaves a UK owner with nothing to hold, because the Insurance Act 2015 duty of fair presentation, the section 16 and 17 contracting-out test, the section 10 warranty regime and the £5 million employers' liability floor are not advice — they are the framework the quotes sit inside, and an owner who does not know them cannot tell which quote is cheap and which is thin.

And it is written for the professional, not the buyer. Its two document labels are hard-coded to the vendor's own product, its follow-up questions are grouped "for the insured, the carrier, and internal agency review", and its concern with E&O exposure is the agency's, not the restaurant's. This skill has one user, the owner, and one purpose, to make sure the cheapest number on the page is cheap for a reason they can read.

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